Channels

Last updated on 2025-07-05 | Edit this page

Overview

Questions

How do I move data around in Nextflow?
How do I handle different types of input, e.g. files and parameters?
How can I use pattern matching to select input files?

Objectives

Understand how Nextflow manages data using channels.
Create a value and queue channel using channel factory methods.
Edit channel factory arguments to alter how data is read in.

Channels

Earlier we saw that channels are the way in which Nextflow sends data around a workflow. Channels connect processes via their inputs and outputs. Channels can store multiple items, such as values. The number of items a channel stores, determines how many times a process will run, using that channel as input.
Note: When the process runs using one item from the input channel, we will call that run a task. Each task is run in its own self-enclosed environment.

Why use Channels?

Channels are how Nextflow handles file management, allowing complex tasks to be split up, and run in parallel.

Channels are asynchronous, which means that outputs from a set of processes will not necessarily be produced in the same order as the corresponding inputs went in. However, the first element into a channel queue is the first out of the queue (First in - First out). This allows processes to run as soon as they receive input from a channel. Channels only send data in one direction.

Channel types

Nextflow distinguishes between two different kinds of channels: queue channels and value channels.

Queue channel

Queue channels are a type of channel in which data is consumed (used up) to make input for a process/operator. Queue channels can be created in two ways:

As the outputs of a process.
Channel factory methods Channel.of or Channel.fromPath.

Value channels

The second type of Nextflow channel is a value channel. A value channel is bound to a single value. A value channel can be used an unlimited number times since its content is not consumed.

Task 4.1

What type of channel would you use to store the following?

Multiple values.
A list with one or more values.
A single value.

Show me the solution

A queue channels is used to store multiple values.
A value channel is used to store a single value, this can be a list with multiple values.
A value channel is used to store a single value.

Navigate to the nextflow file to the 04_channels.nf file (Hint: Ensure your working directory is, training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/). Again this file path will likely look different if you have set up on your local computer.

Creating Channels using Channel factories

Channel factories are used to explicitly create channels. In programming, factory methods (functions) are a programming design pattern used to create different types of objects (in this case, different types of channels). They are implemented for things that represent more generalised concepts, such as a Channel.

Channel factories are called using the Channel.<method> syntax, and return a specific instance of a Channel.

The value Channel factory

The value factory method is used to create a value channel. Values are put inside parentheses () to assign them to a channel.

Creates a value channel and binds a string to it.
Creates a value channel and binds a list object to it that will be emitted as a single item.
Creates a value channel and binds a map object to it that will be emitted as a single item.

The value method can only take 1 argument, however, this can be a single list or map containing several elements.

Reminder:

A List object can be defined by placing the values in square brackets [] separated by a comma.
A Map object is similar, but with key:value pairs separated by commas.

To view the contents of a value channel, use the view operator. We will learn more about channel operators in a later section.

Queue channel factory

Queue (consumable) channels can be created using the following channel factory methods.

Channel.of
Channel.fromList
Channel.fromPath
Channel.fromFilePairs

The of Channel factory

When you want to create a channel containing multiple values you can use the channel factory Channel.of. This allows the creation of a queue channel with the values specified as arguments, separated by a ,.

Arguments passed to the of method can be of varying types e.g., combinations of numbers, strings, or objects. In the above examples we have examples of both string and number data types.

Channel.from

You may see the method Channel.from in older nextflow scripts. This performs a similar function but is now deprecated (no longer used), and so Channel.of should be used instead.

The fromList Channel factory

You can use the Channel.fromList method to create a queue channel from a list object.

Task 4.2

Write a Nextflow script that creates a value channel using meta_verbose_ch as input, containing the list of values ["all","influence","selection", "none"]. These represent the different specifications of our models. Essentially we’d like to conduct a set of model comparison checks by estimating a full specification and nested sub-models. Open up the nextflow docs to check the syntax for this.

Then print the contents of the channels using the view operator. How many lines does the queue and value channel print?

Hint: Use the fromList(), and value() Channel factory methods. You can also use of() and try to compare it to fromList(), what differences do you notice?

Show me the solution

Notice we’ve added the following code to 04_channels.nf, building on the previous workflow definition:

GROOVY



def meta_verbose_ch = ["all","influence","selection", "none"]

workflow {

    composition = GENERATE_READS(ZipChannel_dat)
    | flatten \
    | map { file ->
    def key = file.name.toString().split('\\.')[0]
    def school_ID = file.name.toString().split("_|\\.")[0]
    return tuple(school_ID, key, file)}

    composition \
    | view

    Channel.of(meta_verbose_ch) \
    | view

    Channel.fromList(meta_verbose_ch) \
    | view
}

Channel.fromList vs Channel.of

In the above example, the channel has four elements. If you used the Channel.of(meta_verbose_ch) it would have contained only 1 element [all, influence, selection, none] and any operator or process using the channel would run once.

The fromPath Channel factory

The previous channel factory methods dealt with sending general values in a channel. A special channel factory method fromPath is used when wanting to pass files.

The fromPath factory method creates a queue channel containing one or more files matching a file path.

The file path (written as a quoted string) can be the location of a single file or a “glob pattern” that matches multiple files or directories.

The file path can be a relative path (path to the file from the current directory), or an absolute path (path to the file from the system root directory - starts with /).

Use the glob syntax to specify pattern-matching behaviour for files. A glob pattern is specified as a string and is matched against directory or file names.

An asterisk, *, matches any number of characters (including none).
Two asterisks, **, works like * but will also search sub directories. This syntax is generally used for matching complete paths.
Braces {} specify a collection of subpatterns. For example: {period1,period2} matches “period1” or “period2”

For example the script below uses the *.tar.gz pattern to create a queue channel that contains as many items as there are files with .tar.gz extension in the data/ folder.

Note The pattern must contain at least a star wildcard character.

You can change the behaviour of Channel.fromPath method by changing its options. A list of .fromPath options is shown below.

Available fromPath options:

Name	Description
glob	When true, the characters `*`, `?`, `[]` and `{}` are interpreted as glob wildcards, otherwise they are treated as literal characters (default: true)
type	The type of file paths matched by the string, either `file`, `dir` or `any` (default: file)
hidden	When true, hidden files are included in the resulting paths (default: false)
maxDepth	Maximum number of directory levels to visit (default: no limit)
followLinks	When true, symbolic links are followed during directory tree traversal, otherwise they are managed as files (default: true)
relative	When true returned paths are relative to the top-most common directory (default: false)
checkIfExists	When true throws an exception if the specified path does not exist in the file system (default: false)

We can change the default options for the fromPath method to give an error if the file doesn’t exist using the checkIfExists parameter. In Nextflow, method parameters are separated by a , and parameter values specified with a colon :.

If we execute a Nextflow script with the contents below, it will run and not produce an output, or an error message that the file does not exist. This is likely not what we want.

Add the argument checkIfExists with the value true.

This will give an error as there is no data directory.

Task 4.3

Navigate to the Nextflow script file called 04_channels.nf .
The pre-populated code involves x5 queue channels. Identify the name of each of these channels. Write comments within your script to explain what this queue channel involves.
Hint: Run the workflow script through the terminal with nextflow run.
Hint: use the .view() operator to print the output of the channel. Again type the nextflow run command to run the workflow.

Show me the solution

GROOVY

#!/usr/bin/env nextflow

//04_channels.nf

/*
===========================================================
 pipeline for independent models runs for each schools
 for each time period, implemented in Siena
 we can then perform a meta-analysis on the results

 @authors
 Eleni Omiridou <2333157O@student.gla.ac.uk>
===========================================================
*/

/*
* Default pipeline parameters
*/

params.help            = false
params.resume          = true
cleanup = true
debug = true
log.info """
====================================================
PARAMETERS
====================================================
batches                     : ${params.batches}
model specification         : ${params.meta}
school data                 : ${params.school_data}
school info                 : ${params.school_info}
composition data            : ${params.composition_data}
effects                     : ${params.effects}
subgroup                    : ${params.subgroup}


"""

if (params.help) {
    log.info 'This is the the siena pipeline'
    log.info '\n'
    exit 1
}

/*
========================================================================================
    Workflow parameters are written as params.<parameter>
    and can be initialised using the `=` operator.
========================================================================================
*/
Channel
    .fromPath(params.meta)
    .splitCsv(header: false, sep: '\t')
    .set{ pipe_meta }

Channel
    .fromPath(params.subgroup)
    .splitCsv(header: false, sep: '\t')
    .set{ pipe_subgroup }

def map_join(channel_a, key, value){
    channel_a
        .map{ it -> [it['key'], it['value']] }
}

def flatten_estimation(channel_estimation){
    channel_estimation
        .map{ it -> [it[0], it[1], it[2], it[3][0], it[3][1], it[3][2], it[3][3], it[4][0], it[4][1], it[4][2], it[4][3], it[5][1]] }
}

// Create a channel for values
Channel
    .fromPath(params.effects)
    .splitCsv(header: false)
    .map { row -> [row[0], row[1], row[2..-1]] }
    .set{ pipe_effects }

Channel
    .fromPath(params.school_info)
    .splitJson()
    .set{ pipe_school_info }
/*
========================================================================================
    Input data is received through channels
========================================================================================
*/

//import modules

def ZipChannel_dat = Channel.fromPath(params.composition_data) // change this to composition_sub whenever data file name changes


/*
========================================================================================
   Main Workflow
========================================================================================
*/

workflow {

    composition = GENERATE_READS(ZipChannel_dat)
    | flatten \
    | map { file ->
    def key = file.name.toString().split('\\.')[0]
    def school_ID = file.name.toString().split("_|\\.")[0]
    return tuple(school_ID, key, file)}


    pipe_meta.view()
    // pipe_school_info.view()
    // pipe_effects.view()
    // pipe_subgroup.view()


    // composition.view()

}

/*
========================================================================================
    A Nextflow process block. Process names are written, by convention, in uppercase.
    This convention is used to enhance workflow readability.
========================================================================================
*/

process GENERATE_READS{

  input:
          path targz

  publishDir "$projectDir/tmp", mode: "copy", overwrite: true

  output:
          path "*"

  script:
          """
          tar -xzf $targz
          # Print file name
          printf '${targz}\\t'
          """
}

Run the code using the following command on the terminal:

BASH

$ nextflow run 04_channels.nf

The fromFilePairs Channel factory

We have seen how to process files individually using fromPath.

Another alternative is to use fromFilePairs to return a grouping of data, represented as a list in the groovy syntax.

The first element of the tuple emitted is a string based on the shared part of the filenames (i.e., the * part of the glob pattern).
The second element is the list of files matching the remaining part of the glob pattern (i.e., the *each_period.tar.gz pattern). This will include any sets of data that involve compressed folders.

What if you want to capture more than a pair?

If you want to capture more than two files for a pattern you will need to change the default size argument (the default value is 2) to the number of expected matching files.

The code above will create a queue channel containing one element.

See more information about the channel factory fromFilePairs here

Task 4.4

Use the fromFilePairs method to create a channel containing four tuples. Each tuple will contain the pairs of data reads for the four schools with synthetic data in the tmp/ directory. Make sure you have previously completed Task 3.3, or check your tmp/ folder contains both data files, .RDS, as well as auxiliary data files, .dat.

GROOVY

//04_channels.nf

workflow {

    channel
    .fromFilePairs("${launchDir}/tmp/school*_period*.{RDS,dat}")
    .view()

}

Show me the solution

OUTPUT


[school123_period2, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school123_period2.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school123_period2.dat]]
[school124_period2, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school124_period2.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school124_period2.dat]]
[school126_period1, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school126_period1.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school126_period1.dat]]
[school124_period1, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school124_period1.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school124_period1.dat]]
[school125_period1, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school125_period1.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school125_period1.dat]]
[school123_period1, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school123_period1.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school123_period1.dat]]
[school126_period2, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school126_period2.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school126_period2.dat]]
[school125_period2, [/workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school125_period2.RDS, /workspaces/training/sgsss-workflow/scripts/tmp/school125_period2.dat]]

Key Points

Channels must be used to import data into Nextflow.
Nextflow has two different kinds of channels: queue channels and value channels.
Data in value channels can be used multiple times in workflow.
Data in queue channels are consumed when they are used by a process or an operator.
Channel factory methods, such as Channel.of, are used to create channels.
Channel factory methods have optional parameters e.g., checkIfExists, that can be used to alter the creation and behaviour of a channel.